I'm aware of how dogs learn though association, but there's one thing that I never understood.
My dog, Mindy, is rather clever. She picks up on word associations like 'ball' 'goose' and 'elephant' very quickly, and will choose each one when asked. Nothing unusual there, but she has learnt three tricks that no-one has ever taught her.
1) 'Other Paw': We taught Mindy to give us her paw. We used the same paw all the time, and she learnt it after a while. One day we started saying 'Other Paw' and without pointing or making any suggestion that we wanted the other one (other than the verbal cue) she removed one paw and gave us her other. She must of had a quick thought process, which told her that we wanted the paw, but this one wasn't acceptable.
2) 'Open the door': Yep, Mindy can open the back door. She obvouisly learnt this by watching us, but it's still weird how she learnt to associate it with us saying it. Must of heard us giving her a command, and thought to do something along with it.
3) 'Hug': Again, Mindy was never taught anything along these lines. But I swear, If you sit on the floor and say 'Hug', she'll put her paws on your shoulders. I have no idea how she ever thought of doing this, and it baffles me.
People can say it's anthromorphism, but this is clearly a kind of intelligence that goes above that of simple processes simular to those of a robot.