when germans say ‘until’, what do they mean?
This is a great question, actually, and I hope you come back for the answer. When Germans say “until” and you are confused, it is because they probably mean “by”. Prepositions are really tough things in languages because even though they have one translation in one context, they often mean something different in another context. The German word bis is most directly translated as “until”, but in terms of a deadline, it should be translated as “by”. Every German will get this wrong until they die. They will always say “until” instead of “by” in this case, when referring to when they will do something, or when something is due.